What is a condom?

A condom is a thin, loose-fitting pouch or sheath that protects against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or infections (STIs). As a barrier method of birth control (contraception), condoms prevent pregnancy by keeping semen (sperm-filled fluid) from entering the vagina and fertilizing the eggs. You can buy condoms over the counter at pharmacies, grocery stores, and general merchandise stores.

Why is a condom used?

Condoms serve as barriers between bodies, preventing pregnancy by containing ejaculate (semen) to prevent sperm from entering your partner’s uterus. Condoms lower the risk of STDs by blocking or significantly reducing the exchange of bodily fluids between partners.

How effective are condoms?

When used consistently and correctly, condoms are highly effective at preventing STDs such as the herpes simplex virus (HSV) and can reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by 71% to 80%. They also greatly reduce the chance of pregnancy.

Condom sizes range from small to extra-large. It’s important to choose a condom that fits properly. Besides discomfort, an ill-fitting condom can reduce effectiveness, increasing the risk of pregnancy and STDs.

Can condoms get you pregnant?

When used perfectly, condoms are about 98% effective at preventing pregnancy. Typical use averages about 87% effective at preventing pregnancy. In any given year, approximately 15 out of every 100 people who rely on condoms as their only birth control method may become pregnant. Condoms can tear, leak, or slip off.

You can enhance condom effectiveness by using another form of birth control, such as spermicide (foam or jelly that disables sperm), the pill (oral contraceptives), or a diaphragm. Discuss birth control options with a healthcare provider to determine the most effective choice for your situation.

Are cheap condoms safe?
Cheap condoms can be safe if they meet quality standards and are properly made. Make sure they are from a reputable brand, check the expiration date, and store them correctly.

Procedure Details

What are the different types of condoms?

There are different types of condoms, and only one type should be used at a time during sexual intercourse. Using more than one condom can create friction, increasing the risk of tearing or ripping. Condom types include:

• External (sometimes called male condoms): These condoms are worn over the penis to collect ejaculate fluids.
• Internal (sometimes called female condoms): An internal condom is inserted into the vagina to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. A soft, flexible ring attached to the condom remains outside the vagina for easy removal. Internal condoms may not be as effective as external (male) condoms in preventing STDs.
• Dental dams: These thin latex or polyurethane sheets act as barriers between a person’s mouth and their partner’s genitals or anus during oral sex, reducing the risk of STDs such as oropharyngeal human papillomavirus (HPV).
• Finger condoms: Also known as finger cots, these are used for sexual penetration with fingers. Fingering carries a relatively low risk and cannot result in pregnancy. While the risk of contracting an STD from fingering is low, using a finger condom can further reduce this risk.

What are condoms made of?

Condoms are often referred to as rubbers because most external (male) condoms are made from latex, a type of rubber. Some individuals may have a latex allergy that causes skin rashes, itching, and other issues. If you or your partner has a latex allergy, avoid latex condoms and opt for:

• Internal (female) condoms made from a synthetic, non-latex material called nitrile.
• External (male) condoms made from polyurethane, a type of plastic.
• Natural skin condoms or condoms made from other natural materials. Note that natural condoms prevent pregnancy but are not recommended for preventing STDs.

What’s the difference between lubricated and non-lubricated condoms?

Lubricated condoms contain a substance (lube) that reduces friction during sex, which can increase the risk of tearing or ripping a condom. Some condoms are coated with spermicide, a substance that slows sperm movement to prevent it from reaching your partner’s egg. Non-lubricated condoms, as the name suggests, do not contain lubrication.

You can use over-the-counter lubricants with any condom. Use water-based lubricants with latex condoms, as oil-based lubricants weaken latex rubber and increase the risk of tearing, breaking, or leaking.

How do you put a condom on?

Wait until your penis is erect before putting on a condom. Carefully tear open one end of the condom package. Do not unroll the condom yet. Instead, place it on the head (or tip) of your penis so that it will unroll easily over the length of your penis. Check to ensure it is not inside out before starting to unroll it.

Leave about 1/4 inch of space at the tip and squeeze the air out of the top to create a reservoir for semen. Some condoms have a built-in reservoir. Never use Vaseline or mineral oil as a lubricant with a latex condom. Pre-lubricated condoms are available for purchase, or you can use water-based lubricant, saliva, or foam to reduce friction.

Risks / Benefits

What are the benefits of using condoms?

For sexually active individuals, condoms are the only method to protect against STDs and can prevent pregnancy.

Keep in mind that while condoms greatly reduce the risk of pregnancy and STDs, they are not foolproof. No type of condom can prevent pregnancy or STDs 100% of the time. This is why many individuals choose to use spermicide foam or gel in addition to condoms.

What are the risks of using condoms?

Condoms can break, tear, or slip off, exposing you to another person’s bodily fluids. If this occurs, you have a higher risk of an STD or unwanted pregnancy. Other potential issues include:

• Latex allergies
• Urinary tract infections from spermicide-lubricated condoms
• Vaginal or penile irritation

Can condoms prevent AIDS?

Yes, condoms are effective in preventing the transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. When used correctly and consistently, condoms act as a barrier that helps prevent the exchange of bodily fluids, reducing the risk of HIV transmission during sexual activity.

However, while condoms significantly lower the risk, they do not provide 100% protection. To maximize protection, it’s important to use condoms properly every time you have sex. Combining condom use with other preventive measures, such as regular HIV testing and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), can offer even greater protection against HIV.

When To Call the Doctor

When should I call my healthcare provider?

Call your healthcare provider if you need emergency contraception or STD testing, or if you experience symptoms of:

• An STD
• A urinary tract infection
• A latex allergy
• Pregnancy

Additional Common Questions

How old do you have to be to buy condoms?

People of any age, including teens, can purchase condoms. You do not need to be 18, and a cashier cannot legally refuse to sell them to you.

Do condoms expire?

Yes, condoms have expiration dates printed on their packaging. Never use a condom after it has expired.

Store condoms in a cool, dry place. Avoid keeping them in your wallet, purse, or pocket where they may become bent or creased.

If you open a condom that feels sticky, dry, or stiff, do not use it. Get a new condom.

How long do condoms last?
Depending on the material they are made from, condoms can last between one and five years. Always check the expiration date on the packaging.

Can condoms go bad if not stored properly?
Yes, condoms can degrade if they are not stored properly. Factors like heat, humidity, and exposure to direct sunlight can weaken the material of the condom, making it less effective. Condoms should be kept in a cool, dry place and away from sharp objects or excessive friction. Always check the expiration date and the packaging before use to ensure the condom is still safe and effective.

How do condoms break?

Condoms can break if they come into contact with sharp objects such as jewelry, piercings, teeth, or fingernails. They can also tear if not enough lubrication is used.

What should I do if a condom breaks?

Women concerned about pregnancy can use over-the-counter emergency contraception, sometimes referred to as Plan B® or the morning-after pill. Your healthcare provider can prescribe a stronger pill or insert a copper intrauterine device (IUD) to prevent conception.

When used within 72 hours of intercourse, emergency contraception is up to 89% effective at preventing pregnancy. It is also advisable to discuss STD and HIV testing with your healthcare provider.

When were condoms invented?

Condoms have been used in some form since ancient times. The Ancient Egyptians used them to protect against bilharzia, a parasitic worm. Ancient Romans used animal bladders as condoms to protect women from venereal diseases.

Charles Goodyear, the scientist and creator of vulcanized rubber, is credited with inventing the modern condom in 1855.

A note from Cleveland Clinic

If you are sexually active, using a condom correctly and consistently is the only way to ensure you do not contract or transmit an STD. Condoms can also prevent pregnancy when used correctly and consistently. Unfortunately, condoms are not foolproof. They can rip, tear, leak, or slip off. If this happens, consult your healthcare provider about emergency contraception options and STD testing. Condoms come in many types, styles, textures, and sizes. You and your partner may need to try different types to find the best one for both of you.